1º ESO. Unit 8: Prehistory.

1. Put in the correct chronological order these events, from the oldest to the most recent:

Neolithic Age started.
Cave art appeared.
People lived from agriculture and livestock.
Homo erectus discovered fire.
Megaliths are built.
Palaeolithic Age started.
Writing appeared.
Homo habilis made stone tools.
Wheel was invented.
Metal Ages started.
Neanderthals buried their dead.
Homo sapiens appeared.


2. True or false? Correct false statements and turn them into true ones.

a)      Prehistory comprises three periods: Lower Palaeolithic, Middle Palaeolithic and 

      Upper Palaeolithic.

b)      In the Neolithic Age human beings became nomadic.

c)      In the Metal Ages human beings used stone instead metals to make tools.

d)      Palaeolithic Age comprises three periods: Palaeolithic Age, Neolithic Age and 

      Metal Ages.

e)      In the Palaeolithic Age people were sedentary and lived in huts.

f)        Palaeolithic means “tools made of stone”.

g)      Fire was discovered in the Neolithic.

h)      Weapons, jewels and food were placed in prehistoric burials.

i)        In the Upper Palaeolithic the climate changed and became extremely cold.

j)        In the Palaeolithic it was believed that supernatural forces could help or punish 

       human beings.

k)      Main changes in the Neolithic Age were: polished utensils, livestock and 

       agriculture.

l)        Animal raising and agriculture made it impossible for people to live in a fixed 

      place.

m)    Pottery was created in the Metal Ages.

n)      The Neolithic villages comprised a palisade, huts, ovens, storehouses, animal 

       pens and cropland.

o)      The use of copper marked the beginning of the Metal Ages.

p)      In the Metal Ages there were important technical changes, such as textiles and 

       pottery.

q)      In the Metal Ages wealth was divided equally. 

1º ESO. Unit 8. Prehistory definitions.

Pottery: all fired ceramic wares that contain clay when formed. It also is the craft or activity of making objects out of clay.  

Cave art: are paintings on cave walls and ceilings, and the term is used especially for those dating to pehistoric times. The purpose of the Palaeolithic cave paintings is not known. The evidence suggests that they were not merely decorations of living areas, since they are often in areas of caves that are not easily accessed. 

Some theories give them a religious or ceremonial purpose.

Hoe: a longhandled implement having a thin, flat blade usually set transversely, used to break up the surface of the ground, destroy weeds, etc.

Sail:  an area of fabric, like canvas, with fittings for holding it in any suitable position to catch the wind, used for propelling certain kinds of vessels or ships.

Pen: a small enclosure for domestic animals for confinement or safekeeping.

Sickle: an implement for cutting grain, grass, etc., consisting of a curved, hooklike blade mounted in a short handle.

Wheel: circular objects which enable vehicles to move along the ground.

Textile: any fabric or cloth produced by weaving, knitting or felting.

Thread: a fine cord of flax, cotton, or other fibrous material spun out to considerable length, especially when composed of two or more filaments twisted together, used in sewing, weaving, etc.

Hand mill: grinding tool made from stone used for grinding grain into flour;  it consists of two stone pieces, a base which is a flattened big stone, and a small rounded stone usually hand held. The process of grinding is simple: moving the rounded stone backwards and forwards to crush the grain on the larger flattened stone. 

3º ESO. Units 6 & 7: Britain's climate.

Activity: fill the gaps with the information from your book.

Britain has a variable climate because weather changes from day to day and to forecast it accurately is difficult. Britain’s climate characteristics are 1……. winters, cool summers and rain spread evenly throughout the year. This type of climate never has any extremes (it is never too cold or too hot and rarely too wet or too dry) and for this reason is called equable or 2…………..

Britain’s climate varies between the north and south, and east and west.

Temperature

Most of the British Isles lies between latitudes 3………………………………….. This is far from the Equator, so the sun is only powerful enough to give moderate average temperatures. Winters, though, are much warmer than expected for such a high latitude

Winter

• Temperatures in winter are highest in the 4……….. and decrease 5……………………. This is caused by a warm ocean current called 6………………………………, which warms west coasts. Another reason is that the prevailing south-westerly winds blow across the relatively warm waters of the Atlantic Ocean raising west coast temperatures.

• Temperatures are highest in south-west England. This is mainly because the area is almost surrounded by the sea which in winter is 7………….. than the land.

Summer

• Temperatures in summer are highest in the south and decrease 8……………………. This is mainly because the sun is at a higher angle in the sky in the south, providing more heat.

• Temperatures inland are higher than those near the coast. This is because land warms up quickly in summer while 9…………… remains cool keeping temperatures in coasts relatively low.

Rainfall

             The annual rainfall totals are highest in the 10……………………. (especially of Scotland) and decrease rapidly to the 11………………………... Reasons for this are:

•   Mainly because the prevailing winds are from the west and are laden with 12………… when they blow landwards from the 13 .....................   

•  Most rain-bearing depressions approach from the west, so 14 ....... receive more rain.
•  North-west Scotland is particularly wet because high land receives 15…………………

There is also a contrast in the seasonal distribution of rainfall:

• Places in the west receive most rain in winter because of 16…………………………….. Depressions approaching the British Isles from the south-west are more frequent in winter.

• Places in the east get most rain in summer. Britain is too cool for 17…………………… apart from places in the east and southeast which have the highest summer temperatures. Thus, July is often the wettest month in the east of Britain due to this type of 18…………..           

Unit 11, Ancient Rome

1. True or false? Correct false sentences.

1. Between 1st and 2nd centuries AD Rome conquered all the territories on the Italian Peninsula.
2. Between 500 and 250 BC, Roman Empire expanded north to south from British Isles to the Sahara Desert, and east to west from Mesopotamia to the Iberian Peninsula.
3. The Roman Empire was divided in provinces that had to pay taxes to Rome. Each province was controlled by a governor.
4. During the Monarchy the king was helped by the senate.
5. The last king of Rome, Tarquin the Proud, was Etruscan and was dethroned in 509 BC.
6. The two main institutions of the Republic were the comitias and the senate.
7. The plebeians were non-citizens who obtained their citizenship by the 4th century BC.
8. During the Empire, Rome had to fight against Carthage in the Punic Wars to extend its power around the Mediterranean.
9. In the 1st century BC the Republic was weakend by corruption and internal conflicts.
10. The fist triumvirate was formed by Mark Antony, Julius Caesar and Crassus; the second triumvirate was formed by Pompey, Octavian and Lepidus.
11. In 27 BC Octavian became Augustus and the Roman Empire started.
12. The military anarchy was a fifty years period in which there were more than 25 emperors.
13. In the 3rd century BC Roman army was defeated by Persians and Barbarians.
14. During the 4th century AD emperors Diocletian and Constantine improved the situation of the empire.
15. When the Huns entered Germanic territories, Barbarians had to flee into the roman empire and Romans couldn't stop this invasion.
16. Emperor Constantine divided the empire into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire.
17. The Western Roman Empire had its capital in Constantinople and the Eastern Roman Empire in Rome.
18. The Eastern Roman Empire was brought to an end thousand years later than the Western Roman Empire and changed its name to the Byzantine Empire.
19. Emperor Constantine declared Christianity the only religion of the Roman Empire.
20. Christians were persecuted by the empire because they didn't want to worship Jupiter and the other Roman gods.

Key:

1.  False: Between 500 and 250 BC/ During the Republic Rome conquered all the territories on the Italian Peninsula.
2. False: Between 1st and 2nd centuries AD, Roman Empire expanded north to south from British Isles to the Sahara Desert, and east to west from Mesopotamia to the Iberian Peninsula.
3. True.
4. True.
5. True.
6. False: The three main institutions of the Republic were the comitias, the magistratus and the senate.
7. False: The plebeians were citizens who obtained their political rights (being magistrates and senators) by the 4th century BC.
8. False: During the Republic, Rome had to fight against Carthage in the Punic Wars to extend its power around the Mediterranean.
9. True.
10. False: The fist triumvirate was formed by Pompey, Julius Caesar and Crassus; the second triumvirate was formed by Mark Antony, Octavian and Lepidus.
11. True.
12. True.
13. False: In the 3rd century AD Roman army was defeated by Persians and Barbarians.
14. True.
15. True.
16. False: Emperor Theodosius divided the empire into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire.
17. False: The Western Roman Empire had its capital in Rome and the Eastern Roman Empire in Constantinople.
18. True
19. False: Emperor Theodosius declared Christianity the only religion of the Roman Empire.
20. False: Christians were persecuted by the empire because they didn't want to worship the emperor. 

Unit 11, Ancient Rome

This is a useful revision for the exam. Key is beneath the activities.

1. Order the following events from the oldest to the most recent:

First triumvirate

Lucius Tarquinus Superbus is dethroned

Persians attack from the east

Founding of Rome

Fall of the Western Roman Empire

Diocletian comes to power

Punic Wars

Constantine tolerates Christianity

Huns enter Germanic territory

Plebeians fight and obtain the “tribune of the plebeians”

Rome is conquered by the Etruscans

Second triumvirate

Germanic tribes form their own kingdoms in the roman Empire’s territories

Plebeians can be magistrates and senators

Theodosius divided the empire into two

The Republic starts

2. Match the following dates to their events:

1)      753 BC                              a)  Julius Caesar was assassinated

2)      509 BC                              b)  Edict of Milan: Christianity is allowed

3)      44 BC                                c)  Founding of Rome

4)      27 BC                                d)  Fall of the Roman empire   

5)      212 AD                              e)  Christianity is the official religion of the Empire                  

6)      313 AD                              f)  Huns entered the Germanic territories 

7)      375 AD                              g)  The Republic started

8)      380 AD                              h)  The Empire started

9)      395 AD                              i)  Edict of Caracalla

10)  476 AD                              j)  The Roman empire is divided into two

Key, activity 1:

1_Founding of Rome

2_Rome is conquered by the Etruscans

3_Lucius Tarquinus Superbus is dethroned

4_The Republic starts

5_Plebeians fight and obtain the “tibune of the plebeians”

6_Plebeians can be magistrates and senators

7_Punic Wars

8_First triumvirate

9_Second triumvirate

10_Persians attack from the east

11_Diocletian comes to power

12_Constantine tolerates Christianity

13_Huns enter Germanic territory

14_Germanic tribes form their own kingdoms in the roman Empire’s territories

15_Theodosius divided the empire into two

16_Fall of the Western Roman Empire

Key, activity 2:

1)-c), 2)-g), 3)-a), 4)-h), 5)-i), 6)-b), 7)-f), 8)-e), 9)-j), 10)-d).

Octavian -Augustus: the first Roman emperor

Activities for your notebook:

1. In which battles were Caesar's murderers defeated?
2. Who was the first emperor of the Roman Empire?
3. Which two leaders were involved in the third civil war?
4. Which battle ended the third civil war?
5. What is the "Res Gestae Divi Augusti"?
6. What does "Pax Romana" mean?
7. Who succeeded Augustus as emperor?
8. Why was Octavian given the title "Augustus"?
9. What was the significance of the Battle of Actium?
10. Which two rivers formed the furthermost boundary of the Roman Empire in Europe during the reign of Augustus?

Unit 10. True or False test (pages 114-121)

a)      The Classical period was a peaceful time in Ancient Greece.

b)      Before the Classical period Persians expanded their territories creating a huge empire.

c)      The Persian Wars began when Persians tried to conquer the Greek poleis in Asia Minor.

d)      The First Persian War was won by Persia and the Second one by the Greeks.

e)      After the Persian Wars Athens turned into the wealthiest and most important polis.

f)        Athenian domination after the Persian Wars was seen as a threat to Sparta and other poleis.

g)      Peloponnesian War was a civil war that lasted more than 25 years and ended when Athens won it.

h)      After the Peloponnesian War the poleis were so weak that Macedonian kings could conquer them easily.

i)        Thanks to Alexander the Great’s conquests Greek culture spread towards the east.

j)        The Hellenism is a fusion of Greek and Oriental cultures; the art of this period is called “Hellenistic”.

k)      Alexander’s sons divided up the territory when he died and founded different kingdoms called Hellenistic monarchies.

l)        The majority of population in Greece were citizens.

m)    Non-citizens were foreigners, slaves and women.

n)      Rich women were supposed not to go out home but poor ones had to work out of home as peasants, nannies or shopkeeper.

o)      Citizens used to work in trade and crafts.

p)      All the citizens were very wealthy people; foreigners were poor.

q)      Long distance trade and local commerce were important economic activities in Greece.

r)       A hero in Ancient Greece was a son of a god and a human.

s)       Girls could be priests (so called priestesses) in Ancient Greece.

t)        The minotaur was a horse with a human head, chest and arms.

u)      Priests and priestesses were the gods’ servants.

v)      Greeks are considered to be fathers of philosophy and science because they used myths to explain the world.