Unit 11: Ancient Rome

VOCABULARY
Verbs:
 to stretch, to appoint, to hold, to revolt, to seek, to collapse, to diminish, to flee, to evolve, to depose,to dethrone, to bring (something) to an end.
Nouns and adjetives:
stategic, location, growth, ethnic, head (leader), eventually, foreign, representative, interest, anarchy, unable, bureaucracy, incapable.
 

1º ESO. UNIT 10: Ancient Greece.

Vocabulary for the exam (meaning and sentences):
Adjectives and nouns: unified,  productive, stockbreeding, colony, dominant, aim, outstanding, threat, conquest, flourishing, decline, knowledge, subsistence, plot, oligarchy, migration, autonomous, infantry (hoplite), tyranny.
Verbs: to enable, to weaken, to take advantage, to found, to decline, to own, to inhabit, to emerge, to abuse, to spread, to set up, to take place.

1º ESO. UNIT 10. Ancient Greece: The rise of Hellenic Civilization.

Ativity for January, 9th and 10th.

1. Look up the concepts which match up with the following definitions and/or synonyms in the text called "The rise of Hellenic Civilization". For making it easier, you have the first letter of every concept.

a) System of money used in a country. C........................................

b) Successful, active. Something which developes quickly and strongly. F.......................................

c) The state of being extremely poor. P...........................................

d) Soldiers who fight on foot rather than in tanks or on horses. I................................................

e) If something is divided or distributed among a number of different people or things, each of them has or is reponsible for, a share of it. S............................................

f) If there is a decline in something, it becomes less in quantity, importance, or quality. D.......................

g) High status or reputation achieved through success, influence, wealth, etc.; renown. P.....................

h) The facts, feelings or experiences known by a person or group of people. K.....................................

i) The act or an instance of leaving one place or country, in order to settle in another. E.......................

j) The act or principle of levying taxes or the condition of being taxed. T.........................................

k) Remarkable, distinguished. N.............................................

l) The social, historical, or technical circumstances that lead up to or help to explain something. B..............................

m) Shelter or protection, as from the weather or danger. R...............................................

n)  Possessing a large degree of self-government. A.......................................

o) A ruler whose authority lacked the sanction of law or custom; usurper. T......................

p) The means by which one maintains life. S.......................................

q) A small piece of land. P..........................

r) Government by a small group of people. O................................

s) Important, notable, or momentous. S........................................

t) Consequently. A......................................

u) A person who writes or studies history. H.....................................

v) A form of a language spoken in a particular geographical area distinguished by its vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation. D...............................

w) Travelling by sea or working as a sailor. S...............................

x) A bond, link, or fastening. T..............................

y) The fundamental political principles on which a state is governed. C..........................

   

1º ESO. UNIT 10. Ancient Greece: The twelve labours of Heracles.

Read carefully the story of the Twelve Labours of Heracles and answer these questions in a separate sheet, in order to give it to your teacher the first day of class after the holidays.

1. True or false? Correct false statements.

1. Heracles was the son of Zeus and his wife Hera.
2. Alcmene found a frightened baby Heracles crying in his cot with two dead snakes.
3. Zeus wanted Heracles to be  the king of Mycenae but this honour went to Eurystheus.
4. The ony way to skin the Nemean lion was using a sword and a club.
5. Heracles hunted and bound the Cerynean Hind, carrying it back to King Eurystheus.
6. Heracles completed the fifth labour using both his superhuman strength and wits.
7. Goddesses Artemis, Athena and Hera were on Heracles' side.
8. Heracles had to kill the Minotaur that lived on the loose in Crete.
9. Hera was very grateful when the Cretan Bull was offered as sacrifice to her.
10. The eighth labour of Heracles was to kill the evil king Diomedes of Thrace.
11. Heracles had to obtain the Girdle of the amazon, a kind of armour's belt.
12. Heracles defeated the giant Geryon and brought his cattle back to Mycenae.
13. Atlas helped Heracles to collect the apples of the Hesperides because humans weren't allowed into this garden.
14. The last task was to enter the Tartarus and to kill the dog Cerberus.
15. If Heracles was successful at completing the twelve labours he would earn the right to become a god.

2. Replace the underlined words without changing the meaning of the sentences using the following ones (there are three words left): had, lengthened, if, never, because, have, desired.

• Each labour was designed to be impossible, for Hera didn't want Heracles to succeed.
• Eurytheus' daughter longed to own the Girdle of the Amazon.
• We don't know whether Heracles had to kill the Amazon or whether she willingly gave the girdle to him.
• Heracles was to bring the king the dog Cerberus.

1º ESO. UNIT 9: Vocabulary

Page 97: tax, population, civilization, fertile, civil servant, hierarchical, wealth, large-scale, canal.

Page 98: irrigation, cuneiform, reed, wedge, retaliation.

Page 99: empire, dynasty.

Page 100: aristocracy, nobility, scribe, peasant, harvest, ploughs, craftsmen, workshop, weaver, carpenter.

Page 101: polytheistic, ziggurat, theologians, gate, arch, vault, brick, adobe, relief, sanctuary.
Page 102: to flood, flooding, dam, sailing ship.

Page 103: vulture, serpent, nemes, crook, whip, to rise, sarcophagus.

Page 104: elite, noblemen, to rule, papyrus, linen, to inherit.

Page 105: to worship, mummy, pyramid, mastaba, hypogeum.

Page 106: sphinx, profile, idealised, static.

Photocopy "Mesopotamian city-states": to arise, plain, to bound, isolated, settlement, city-state, supply, shrine, priestess, to succeed, to farm, skilled, merchant, trader, enslaved people, to head, household.

Photocopy "Egyptian dynasties": ruler, kingdom, border, to grow, to set up, all-powerful, willingly, welfare, achievement, tribute, to plot, threat, mighty, uprising, reign, bead, ivory, ebony, incense, goddess, to sweep away, to shrink, to reign, to fade, neighbouring, ore, to take over, to defeat.

1º ESO. UNIT 9: Egyptian dynasties

Activity 1. True or false. Correct false statements.

1. Pharaohs were considered gods on Earth who controlled Egypt’s welfare.
2. The First Intermediate Period in Egypt's history happened between 2300 B.C. and 2050 B.C. when nobility battled one another for power.
3. Egypt conquered new lands during the Middle Kingdom and because of these conquests, the kingdom became very poor.
4. The Middle Kingdom finished for two reasons: nobilty fought again for the power and Hittites invaded Egypt.
5. The New Kingdom started when the Hyksos took over Egypt.
6. Hatshepsut conquered some teritories of Mesopotamia.
7. Akhenaton turned the polytheistic religion of Egypt into a monotheistic one.
8. With Akhenaton the Egyptian empire shrank greatly but with Ramses II lands were regained in western Asia.
9. The main reason why Egypt lost power after Ramses II's death is that Egyptians had to pay much more for iron weapons than their enemies.
10. In 670 B.C. Egyptians took over the Assyrian empire.

Activity 2. Match these facts up with the proper period of Egyptian history (Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom ): 

Hatshepsut ruled Egypt, Hyksos defeated Egypt, Ramses II regained lands in western Asia, conquered peoples sent tribute to the pahraohs, Hittites attacked Egypt, Ahmose rebelled against invaders, kings set up strong governments, people for eastern Mediterranean attacked Egypt, Thutmose III conquered territories of Mesopotamia, the capital city was Thebes, tombs were cut into cliffs in the Valley of Kings, nobles fought for pharaohs' power, new trade routes in the coasts of east Africa, the cult of god Aton appeared, Assyrians took over Egypt.

1º ESO. UNIT 9: Mesopotamia´s city-states.

1. Read carefully the text given in class and answer these questions:

a) Are the same a civilization and a city-state? Why?

b) What was Sumer?

c) Why did Sumerians use mud as their main building material?

d) What is a ziggurat? Why did Sumerians built them?

2. True or false? Correct false statements about the text given in class:

a) Children went to the school in Mesopotamia.

b) The first rulers of Mesopotamia were priests and priestesses but later kings ran the government.

c) Sumerian merchants sold to other cities Mesopotamian products such as copper, tin and timber.

d) The upper class of Sumerian society were kings, priests and civil-servants.

e) Sumerian city-states were isolated because they were always at war with one another.

f) A city-state is part of a bigger state.

g) Most people in Sumer were artisans and skilled workers.

h) The lower social class of Sumer were slaves

1º ESO. Unit 8: Prehistory.

1. Put in the correct chronological order these events, from the oldest to the most recent:

Neolithic Age started.
Cave art appeared.
People lived from agriculture and livestock.
Homo erectus discovered fire.
Megaliths are built.
Palaeolithic Age started.
Writing appeared.
Homo habilis made stone tools.
Wheel was invented.
Metal Ages started.
Neanderthals buried their dead.
Homo sapiens appeared.


2. True or false? Correct false statements and turn them into true ones.

a)      Prehistory comprises three periods: Lower Palaeolithic, Middle Palaeolithic and 

      Upper Palaeolithic.

b)      In the Neolithic Age human beings became nomadic.

c)      In the Metal Ages human beings used stone instead metals to make tools.

d)      Palaeolithic Age comprises three periods: Palaeolithic Age, Neolithic Age and 

      Metal Ages.

e)      In the Palaeolithic Age people were sedentary and lived in huts.

f)        Palaeolithic means “tools made of stone”.

g)      Fire was discovered in the Neolithic.

h)      Weapons, jewels and food were placed in prehistoric burials.

i)        In the Upper Palaeolithic the climate changed and became extremely cold.

j)        In the Palaeolithic it was believed that supernatural forces could help or punish 

       human beings.

k)      Main changes in the Neolithic Age were: polished utensils, livestock and 

       agriculture.

l)        Animal raising and agriculture made it impossible for people to live in a fixed 

      place.

m)    Pottery was created in the Metal Ages.

n)      The Neolithic villages comprised a palisade, huts, ovens, storehouses, animal 

       pens and cropland.

o)      The use of copper marked the beginning of the Metal Ages.

p)      In the Metal Ages there were important technical changes, such as textiles and 

       pottery.

q)      In the Metal Ages wealth was divided equally. 

1º ESO. Unit 8. Prehistory definitions.

Pottery: all fired ceramic wares that contain clay when formed. It also is the craft or activity of making objects out of clay.  

Cave art: are paintings on cave walls and ceilings, and the term is used especially for those dating to pehistoric times. The purpose of the Palaeolithic cave paintings is not known. The evidence suggests that they were not merely decorations of living areas, since they are often in areas of caves that are not easily accessed. 

Some theories give them a religious or ceremonial purpose.

Hoe: a longhandled implement having a thin, flat blade usually set transversely, used to break up the surface of the ground, destroy weeds, etc.

Sail:  an area of fabric, like canvas, with fittings for holding it in any suitable position to catch the wind, used for propelling certain kinds of vessels or ships.

Pen: a small enclosure for domestic animals for confinement or safekeeping.

Sickle: an implement for cutting grain, grass, etc., consisting of a curved, hooklike blade mounted in a short handle.

Wheel: circular objects which enable vehicles to move along the ground.

Textile: any fabric or cloth produced by weaving, knitting or felting.

Thread: a fine cord of flax, cotton, or other fibrous material spun out to considerable length, especially when composed of two or more filaments twisted together, used in sewing, weaving, etc.

Hand mill: grinding tool made from stone used for grinding grain into flour;  it consists of two stone pieces, a base which is a flattened big stone, and a small rounded stone usually hand held. The process of grinding is simple: moving the rounded stone backwards and forwards to crush the grain on the larger flattened stone.