1ºESO. Unit 2: Relief

The relief (or terrain) is the different shapes that the surface of the Earth has adopted over millions of years. It can divided into continental (surface relief) and oceanic (submarine relief).

The relief is the result of internal internal forces, which form it and external forces, which transform it.

2. 1. CONTINENTAL RELIEF (Page16)

• Mountains: elevations of the terrain above the surrounding land with steep slopes or sides and an altitude of more than 600 metres. When they are together in “rows” they are knows as sierras or mountain ranges, as the Himalayas (Asia), that is the world’s highest one.
• Valleys: are areas of low land between mountains. Rivers flow through many valleys.
• Plains: low, flat areas of land., no higher than 200 metres above sea level. They are formed by large rivers.
• Plateaus: large plains raised more than 200 metres above sea level. The highest plateaus are the Tibetan High Plateau (Asia) and the Bolivian (South America).
• Basins (or depressions): sunken or drepressed areas below the surrounding areas. Some are below sea level

Coastal relief: coasts are where the continents meet oceans and seas. The coastal relief forms are:

• Peninsula: an area of land surrounded by water on all sides except one.
• Isthmus: connects a peninsula to a continent.
• Cape: part of the coast which extends into the sea
• Gulf: a large area of sea or ocean partially enclosed by land. A bay is a small gulf
• Island: an area of land surrounded by water on all sides
• Archipelago: is a group of islands
• Beaches: flat coastal area with sand or stones.
• Cliffs: high coastal area with steep rock formations.
• Estuary: area formed when the sea flows into de mouth of a river
• Fiord: strip of sea that comes into the valley of a river / land between high cliffs.

2. 2. OCEANIC RELIEF (page 17)

• Continental shelf: is the extension of the continents under the seas or oceans. They are vast plateaus which reach a depth of 150-200 metres.
• Continental slope: is a steep incline found between the continental shelf and the abyssal plain.
• Abyssal plains: are large flat areas of the deep ocean floor (4,000 or 5,000 metres below sea level). In them we can find:
• Oceanic ridges: large mountain ranges that rise up 3000 metres from the ocean floor. Some of the highest peaks rise above the surface and form islands sucha as the Hawaiian Islands.
• Oceanic trenches: are large, deep depressions in the ocean floor. The deepest one is the Challenger Deep (11000 metres) in the pacific Ocean.

2. 3. HOW THE RELIEF IS FORMED? (Pages 20-21)

Continental drift

In 1912 Alfred Wegener developed the continental drift theory. According to it, there was only one continent, which broke up millions of years ago. This continent was called Pangea

Tectonic plates

The Earth’s crust is divided into different plates called tectonic plates. They are in continous movement (speed of two to ten centimeters per year).

Some plates from move apart letting the magma come out. Some other plates collide, creating folds when the terrain is flexible or faults when it is extremely rigid. Also, the collison of plates has produced many mountains, such as the Himalayas range which is still rising.

The movement of tectonic plates can produce volcanoes and earthquakes:

• A volcano is an opening in the surface of the Earth through which very hot rocks, magma comes out. When magma is outside the volcano it is called lava. Volcanoes are generally found on the edge of tectonic plates.
• Earthquakes are also caused by plate tectonics; when two plates crash, the ground vibrates. This vibration is called an earthquake. When the crashing is on the ocean floor the earthquake can produce waves called tsunamis.

2. 4. HOW IS THE RELIEF TRANSFORMED? (pages 18-19)

External forces shape the relief. This transformation involves three types of action:

• Erosion: is the fragmentation and dissolution of rocks, soil and mud.
• Transportation: eroded materials are transported by wind or water
• Sedimentation: is the accumulation of sediments such as mud, sand or mud

There are four main agents of erosion: temperature, water, wind and living things.

1. Temperature: abrupt changes in it can break rocks. It happens in mountains or deserts, where there is a great difference between daytime and nighttime temperatures.  
2. Water:
• When it infiltrates through rocks and freezes, water expands and breaks
    the rocks.
• Solution is when water dissolves some kinds of rocks, such as limestone producing caves.
• Fluvial erosion: In the upper course the river erodes materials creating deep valleys and canyons/ In the middle course the slopes are gentler and rivers transport the eroded materials/ In the lower course, near the sea, land is flat and water deposit sediments  on the river´s banks forming alluvial. plains.
• Marine erosion: waves and currents wear away coasts creating cliffs. Sediments transported by the sea water are deposited and form beaches.
3. Wind: transports particles of sand or soil from their original place and deposites them. Sand dunes are formed this way.
4. Living things: Plants and animals transform the relief through their activities./ Human beings make the fastest and more dangerous impact through activities such as farming, mining, deforestation, building roads, tunnels or reservoirs.    

Unit 11: Ancient Rome

VOCABULARY
Verbs:
 to stretch, to appoint, to hold, to revolt, to seek, to collapse, to diminish, to flee, to evolve, to depose,to dethrone, to bring (something) to an end.
Nouns and adjetives:
stategic, location, growth, ethnic, head (leader), eventually, foreign, representative, interest, anarchy, unable, bureaucracy, incapable.
 

1º ESO. UNIT 10: Ancient Greece.

Vocabulary for the exam (meaning and sentences):
Adjectives and nouns: unified,  productive, stockbreeding, colony, dominant, aim, outstanding, threat, conquest, flourishing, decline, knowledge, subsistence, plot, oligarchy, migration, autonomous, infantry (hoplite), tyranny.
Verbs: to enable, to weaken, to take advantage, to found, to decline, to own, to inhabit, to emerge, to abuse, to spread, to set up, to take place.

1º ESO. UNIT 10. Ancient Greece: The rise of Hellenic Civilization.

Ativity for January, 9th and 10th.

1. Look up the concepts which match up with the following definitions and/or synonyms in the text called "The rise of Hellenic Civilization". For making it easier, you have the first letter of every concept.

a) System of money used in a country. C........................................

b) Successful, active. Something which developes quickly and strongly. F.......................................

c) The state of being extremely poor. P...........................................

d) Soldiers who fight on foot rather than in tanks or on horses. I................................................

e) If something is divided or distributed among a number of different people or things, each of them has or is reponsible for, a share of it. S............................................

f) If there is a decline in something, it becomes less in quantity, importance, or quality. D.......................

g) High status or reputation achieved through success, influence, wealth, etc.; renown. P.....................

h) The facts, feelings or experiences known by a person or group of people. K.....................................

i) The act or an instance of leaving one place or country, in order to settle in another. E.......................

j) The act or principle of levying taxes or the condition of being taxed. T.........................................

k) Remarkable, distinguished. N.............................................

l) The social, historical, or technical circumstances that lead up to or help to explain something. B..............................

m) Shelter or protection, as from the weather or danger. R...............................................

n)  Possessing a large degree of self-government. A.......................................

o) A ruler whose authority lacked the sanction of law or custom; usurper. T......................

p) The means by which one maintains life. S.......................................

q) A small piece of land. P..........................

r) Government by a small group of people. O................................

s) Important, notable, or momentous. S........................................

t) Consequently. A......................................

u) A person who writes or studies history. H.....................................

v) A form of a language spoken in a particular geographical area distinguished by its vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation. D...............................

w) Travelling by sea or working as a sailor. S...............................

x) A bond, link, or fastening. T..............................

y) The fundamental political principles on which a state is governed. C..........................

   

1º ESO. UNIT 10. Ancient Greece: The twelve labours of Heracles.

Read carefully the story of the Twelve Labours of Heracles and answer these questions in a separate sheet, in order to give it to your teacher the first day of class after the holidays.

1. True or false? Correct false statements.

1. Heracles was the son of Zeus and his wife Hera.
2. Alcmene found a frightened baby Heracles crying in his cot with two dead snakes.
3. Zeus wanted Heracles to be  the king of Mycenae but this honour went to Eurystheus.
4. The ony way to skin the Nemean lion was using a sword and a club.
5. Heracles hunted and bound the Cerynean Hind, carrying it back to King Eurystheus.
6. Heracles completed the fifth labour using both his superhuman strength and wits.
7. Goddesses Artemis, Athena and Hera were on Heracles' side.
8. Heracles had to kill the Minotaur that lived on the loose in Crete.
9. Hera was very grateful when the Cretan Bull was offered as sacrifice to her.
10. The eighth labour of Heracles was to kill the evil king Diomedes of Thrace.
11. Heracles had to obtain the Girdle of the amazon, a kind of armour's belt.
12. Heracles defeated the giant Geryon and brought his cattle back to Mycenae.
13. Atlas helped Heracles to collect the apples of the Hesperides because humans weren't allowed into this garden.
14. The last task was to enter the Tartarus and to kill the dog Cerberus.
15. If Heracles was successful at completing the twelve labours he would earn the right to become a god.

2. Replace the underlined words without changing the meaning of the sentences using the following ones (there are three words left): had, lengthened, if, never, because, have, desired.

• Each labour was designed to be impossible, for Hera didn't want Heracles to succeed.
• Eurytheus' daughter longed to own the Girdle of the Amazon.
• We don't know whether Heracles had to kill the Amazon or whether she willingly gave the girdle to him.
• Heracles was to bring the king the dog Cerberus.

1º ESO. UNIT 9: Vocabulary

Page 97: tax, population, civilization, fertile, civil servant, hierarchical, wealth, large-scale, canal.

Page 98: irrigation, cuneiform, reed, wedge, retaliation.

Page 99: empire, dynasty.

Page 100: aristocracy, nobility, scribe, peasant, harvest, ploughs, craftsmen, workshop, weaver, carpenter.

Page 101: polytheistic, ziggurat, theologians, gate, arch, vault, brick, adobe, relief, sanctuary.
Page 102: to flood, flooding, dam, sailing ship.

Page 103: vulture, serpent, nemes, crook, whip, to rise, sarcophagus.

Page 104: elite, noblemen, to rule, papyrus, linen, to inherit.

Page 105: to worship, mummy, pyramid, mastaba, hypogeum.

Page 106: sphinx, profile, idealised, static.

Photocopy "Mesopotamian city-states": to arise, plain, to bound, isolated, settlement, city-state, supply, shrine, priestess, to succeed, to farm, skilled, merchant, trader, enslaved people, to head, household.

Photocopy "Egyptian dynasties": ruler, kingdom, border, to grow, to set up, all-powerful, willingly, welfare, achievement, tribute, to plot, threat, mighty, uprising, reign, bead, ivory, ebony, incense, goddess, to sweep away, to shrink, to reign, to fade, neighbouring, ore, to take over, to defeat.

3º ESO. UNIT 1: Relief and rivers

HOW THE RELIEF IS TRANSFORMED? 

water - infiltrates - beaches - marine - fragmentation - plants - deserts - soil - solution - accumulation -  limestone -temperature - wind - rivers - currents - dunes


Internal forces form the relief and external forces shape the relief. This transformation involves three types of action:

• Erosion: is the ................................and dissolution of rocks, .................... and mud.
• Transportation: eroded materiels are transported by wind or .................................
• Sedimentation: is the .................................... of sediments such as mud, sand or eroded rocks.

The agents of erosion are: .................................................., water, ........................... and living things.


..................................: Abrupt changes in it can break rocks. It happens in ......................... or mountains where there is a great difference between daytime and ................................... temperatures.


Water:  

• When it ........................ through rocks and freezes, water expands and breaks the rocks. 
• ...............................: is when water dissolves some kinds of rocks, such as .......................... producing caves.
• Fluvial erosion: produced by ...........................
• ................................. erosion: waves and ........................... wear away coast creating cliffs. Sediments transported by the sea water are deposited and form .......................... 

Wind: transports particles of sand or soil from their original place and deposits them. .......................... are formed this way.


Living things: ........................ and animals transform the relief through their activities while human beings make the fastest and more dangerous impact through activities such as farming, mining and deforestation.