1º ESO. UNIT 9: Vocabulary

Page 97: tax, population, civilization, fertile, civil servant, hierarchical, wealth, large-scale, canal.

Page 98: irrigation, cuneiform, reed, wedge, retaliation.

Page 99: empire, dynasty.

Page 100: aristocracy, nobility, scribe, peasant, harvest, ploughs, craftsmen, workshop, weaver, carpenter.

Page 101: polytheistic, ziggurat, theologians, gate, arch, vault, brick, adobe, relief, sanctuary.
Page 102: to flood, flooding, dam, sailing ship.

Page 103: vulture, serpent, nemes, crook, whip, to rise, sarcophagus.

Page 104: elite, noblemen, to rule, papyrus, linen, to inherit.

Page 105: to worship, mummy, pyramid, mastaba, hypogeum.

Page 106: sphinx, profile, idealised, static.

Photocopy "Mesopotamian city-states": to arise, plain, to bound, isolated, settlement, city-state, supply, shrine, priestess, to succeed, to farm, skilled, merchant, trader, enslaved people, to head, household.

Photocopy "Egyptian dynasties": ruler, kingdom, border, to grow, to set up, all-powerful, willingly, welfare, achievement, tribute, to plot, threat, mighty, uprising, reign, bead, ivory, ebony, incense, goddess, to sweep away, to shrink, to reign, to fade, neighbouring, ore, to take over, to defeat.

3º ESO. UNIT 1: Relief and rivers

HOW THE RELIEF IS TRANSFORMED? 

water - infiltrates - beaches - marine - fragmentation - plants - deserts - soil - solution - accumulation -  limestone -temperature - wind - rivers - currents - dunes


Internal forces form the relief and external forces shape the relief. This transformation involves three types of action:

• Erosion: is the ................................and dissolution of rocks, .................... and mud.
• Transportation: eroded materiels are transported by wind or .................................
• Sedimentation: is the .................................... of sediments such as mud, sand or eroded rocks.

The agents of erosion are: .................................................., water, ........................... and living things.


..................................: Abrupt changes in it can break rocks. It happens in ......................... or mountains where there is a great difference between daytime and ................................... temperatures.


Water:  

• When it ........................ through rocks and freezes, water expands and breaks the rocks. 
• ...............................: is when water dissolves some kinds of rocks, such as .......................... producing caves.
• Fluvial erosion: produced by ...........................
• ................................. erosion: waves and ........................... wear away coast creating cliffs. Sediments transported by the sea water are deposited and form .......................... 

Wind: transports particles of sand or soil from their original place and deposits them. .......................... are formed this way.


Living things: ........................ and animals transform the relief through their activities while human beings make the fastest and more dangerous impact through activities such as farming, mining and deforestation.

1º ESO. UNIT 9: Egyptian dynasties

Activity 1. True or false. Correct false statements.

1. Pharaohs were considered gods on Earth who controlled Egypt’s welfare.
2. The First Intermediate Period in Egypt's history happened between 2300 B.C. and 2050 B.C. when nobility battled one another for power.
3. Egypt conquered new lands during the Middle Kingdom and because of these conquests, the kingdom became very poor.
4. The Middle Kingdom finished for two reasons: nobilty fought again for the power and Hittites invaded Egypt.
5. The New Kingdom started when the Hyksos took over Egypt.
6. Hatshepsut conquered some teritories of Mesopotamia.
7. Akhenaton turned the polytheistic religion of Egypt into a monotheistic one.
8. With Akhenaton the Egyptian empire shrank greatly but with Ramses II lands were regained in western Asia.
9. The main reason why Egypt lost power after Ramses II's death is that Egyptians had to pay much more for iron weapons than their enemies.
10. In 670 B.C. Egyptians took over the Assyrian empire.

Activity 2. Match these facts up with the proper period of Egyptian history (Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom ): 

Hatshepsut ruled Egypt, Hyksos defeated Egypt, Ramses II regained lands in western Asia, conquered peoples sent tribute to the pahraohs, Hittites attacked Egypt, Ahmose rebelled against invaders, kings set up strong governments, people for eastern Mediterranean attacked Egypt, Thutmose III conquered territories of Mesopotamia, the capital city was Thebes, tombs were cut into cliffs in the Valley of Kings, nobles fought for pharaohs' power, new trade routes in the coasts of east Africa, the cult of god Aton appeared, Assyrians took over Egypt.

3º ESO. Physical map of Europe.

Links are interactive maps for practising.

Mountains
Alps, Apennins, Balkan Mountains, Carpatian Mountains, Caucasus Mountain, Dinaric Alps, East European Plain, Massif Central, Meseta Central, North European Plain, Pyrenees, Scandinavian Mountains, Ural Mountains.

http://www.xtec.net/~ealonso/flash/eurorog2i.html
http://www.xtec.net/~ealonso/flash/eurorog1i.html

 Rivers
Danube, Dnieper, Dniester, Don, Douro, Ebro, Elbe, Garonne, Guadalquivir, Guadiana, Loire, Meuse, Northern Dvina, Oder Pechora, Rhine, Rhone, Seine, Tagus, Thames, Tiber, Ural, Vistula, Volga, Western Dvina.

http://www.xtec.net/~ealonso/flash/eurrios2i.html
http://www.xtec.net/~ealonso/flash/eurrios1i.html

Coasts
Adriatic Sea, Aegean Sea, Atlantic, Balearic Islands, Balkan Peninsula, Baltic Sea, Barents Sea, Bay of Biscay, Black Sea, Bosphorus, Cape Finisterre, Cape Roca, Cape San Vicente, Caspian Sea, Corsica, Crete, Crimean Peninsula, Dardanelles, English Channel, Great Britain, Gulf of Bothnia, Gulf of Cadiz, Gulf of Finland, Gulf of Lion, Gulf of Riga, Gulf of Taranto, Iberian Peninsula, Iceland, Ionian Sea, Irish Sea, Italian Peninsula, Jutland Peninsula, Kola Peninsula, Land's End, Malta, Mediterranean Sea, North Cape, North Sea, Peloponnesus, Point St Mathieu, Sardinia, Scandinavian Peninsula, Sea of Azov, Sea of Marmara, Sicily, Strait of Gibraltar, Strait of Messina, Tyrrhenian Sea, White Sea.

http://www.xtec.net/~ealonso/flash/eurocostes2i.html
http://www.xtec.net/~ealonso/flash/eurocostes1i.html